Post by Mr Smith on Jul 14, 2013 16:49:35 GMT
TIMELINE OF THE EVENTS OF 1905
Background (see your PowerPoint notes):
- Tsar (Nicholas II) in absolute power.
- Economic hardship for ordinary people - both peasantry and the working/labouring classes in the cities of St Petersburg, Moscow etc.
- Social inequality.
- Russo-Japanese War in the Pacific/Manchuria ongoing.
January 1905
• January 3-8: 120,000 workers strike in St. Petersburg; government warns against any organized marches.
• January 9: Bloody Sunday 150,000 striking workers and their families march through St. Petersburg to deliver a protest to the Tsar, but are shot and ridden down on multiple occasions by the army.
• Reaction to the massacre spreads across neighboring regions, especially the industrial centers which experience spontaneous workers' strikes.
February 1905
• The strike movement spreads down to the Caucasus (Southern Russia).
• February 4: Grand-Duke Sergei Alexandrovich is killed by an Social Revolutionaries (extremist group) assassin as protests grow.
• February 6: Notably large rural disorder, especially around city of Kursk (central western Russia)
• February 18: Reacting to the growing troubles, Nicholas II orders the creation of a consultative assembly to report on constitutional reform; the move is less than the revolutionaries want, but it gives them impetus to continue to demand more.
March 1905
• The strike movement and unrest reaches Siberia (far-north Russia) and the Urals (middle of Russia)
April 1905
• April 2: The second National Congress of Zemstovs again demands a constitutional assembly; the Union of Unions formed.
May 1905
• May 27-28: Battle of Tsushima: Embarrassment for the government as the Baltic Fleet is easily sunk, having spent 7 months sailing round to Japan. Tsarist regime looks inept and weak.
June 1905
• June: Tsarist troops used against strikers in Lodz.
• June 18: Odessa (city in the Caucuses) is halted by a large strike.
• June 14-24: Sailors mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin.
August 1905
• Moscow holds the first Conference of the Peasants union; Nizhnii holds the First Congress of the Muslim Union, one of many groups pushing for regional - often national - autonomy (semi-independence/self-rule from the Tsar)
• August 6: Tsar issues a first-attempt manifesto on the creation of a state Duma (a parliament); this plan, created by Bulygin and nicknamed the Bulygin Duma, is rejected by revolutionaries for being too weak and having a tiny electorate.
• August 23: Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese war; Russia has been beaten by an opponent they were expected to easily defeat. More embarrassment. Tsarist regime internationally humiliated.
September 1905
• September 23: Printers strike in Moscow, the start of Russia's first General Strike.
October 1905
• October 1905 - July 1906: The Peasant Union of the Volokolamsk District creates the independent Markovo Republic; it survives, 80 miles from Moscow, until the government crushes it in July 1906. Demonstrates Tsar finding it difficult to keep a Russia unified under his control.
• October 6: Rail workers join the strike.
• October 9: As telegraph workers join the strike, Witte (Tsar's Minister of Finance) warns the Tsar that to save Russia he must make great reforms or impose a dictatorship.
• October 12: Strike action has developed into a General Strike.
• October 13: A council is formed to represent striking workers: the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies; it functions as an alternative government. The Mensheviks dominate it as the Bolsheviks boycott and similar soviets are soon created in other cities.
• October 17: Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a liberal scheme proposed by Witte. It grants civil liberties, the need for Duma consent before passing laws and a widening of the Duma electorate to include all Russians; mass celebrations follow; political parties form and rebels return, but acceptance of the Manifesto pushes the liberals and socialists apart. The St. Petersburg soviet prints its first issue of the newsheet Izvestia; left and right groups clash in streetfights.
• October: Lvov joins the Constitutional Democrat (Kadet) party, which includes the more radical Zemstov men, nobles and scholars; conservative liberals form the Octobrist Party. These are the people who have led the revolution so far.
• October 18: N. E. Bauman, a Bolshevik activist, is killed during a streetfight triggering a street war between the Tsar supporting right and the revolutionary left.
• October 19: The Council of Ministers is created, a government cabinet under Witte; leading Kadets are offered posts, but refuse.
• October 20: Bauman's funeral is the focus of major demonstrations and violence.
• October 21: The General Strike is ended by the St. Petersburg Soviet.
• October 26-27: The Kronstadt mutiny (Russian naval base near St Petersburg)
• October 30-31: The Vladivostok Mutiny (Russian naval base on the Pacific coast)
November 1905
• November 6-12: The Peasants Union holds a conference in Moscow, demanding a constituent assembly, land redistribution and political union between peasants and urban workers.
• November 8: The Union of Russian People is created by Dubrovin. This early fascist group aims to fight against the left and is funded by government officials.
• November 14: The Moscow branch of the Peasants Union is arrested by the government.
• November 16: Telephone/graph workers strike.
• November 24: Tsar introduces 'Provisional Rules', which at once abolish some aspects of censorship, but introduce harsher penalties for those praising 'criminal acts'.
• November 26: Head of the St. Petersburg Soviet, Khrustalev-Nosar, arrested.
• November 27: The St. Petersburg Soviet appeals to the armed forces and elects a triumvirate to replace Nosar; it includes Trotsky.
December 1905
• December 3: The St. Petersburg Soviet is arrested en masse after Socialist Democrats (SD) hand out weapons.
• December 10-15: The Moscow Uprising, where rebels and militias try to take the city through armed struggle; it fails. No other major rebellions take place, but the Tsar and the right react: the police regime returns and the army sweeps across Russia crushing dissent.
• December 11: Russia's urban population and workers are enfranchised by electoral changes.
• December: Nicholas II and his son given honorary membership of the Union of the Russian People; they accept.
Background (see your PowerPoint notes):
- Tsar (Nicholas II) in absolute power.
- Economic hardship for ordinary people - both peasantry and the working/labouring classes in the cities of St Petersburg, Moscow etc.
- Social inequality.
- Russo-Japanese War in the Pacific/Manchuria ongoing.
January 1905
• January 3-8: 120,000 workers strike in St. Petersburg; government warns against any organized marches.
• January 9: Bloody Sunday 150,000 striking workers and their families march through St. Petersburg to deliver a protest to the Tsar, but are shot and ridden down on multiple occasions by the army.
• Reaction to the massacre spreads across neighboring regions, especially the industrial centers which experience spontaneous workers' strikes.
February 1905
• The strike movement spreads down to the Caucasus (Southern Russia).
• February 4: Grand-Duke Sergei Alexandrovich is killed by an Social Revolutionaries (extremist group) assassin as protests grow.
• February 6: Notably large rural disorder, especially around city of Kursk (central western Russia)
• February 18: Reacting to the growing troubles, Nicholas II orders the creation of a consultative assembly to report on constitutional reform; the move is less than the revolutionaries want, but it gives them impetus to continue to demand more.
March 1905
• The strike movement and unrest reaches Siberia (far-north Russia) and the Urals (middle of Russia)
April 1905
• April 2: The second National Congress of Zemstovs again demands a constitutional assembly; the Union of Unions formed.
May 1905
• May 27-28: Battle of Tsushima: Embarrassment for the government as the Baltic Fleet is easily sunk, having spent 7 months sailing round to Japan. Tsarist regime looks inept and weak.
June 1905
• June: Tsarist troops used against strikers in Lodz.
• June 18: Odessa (city in the Caucuses) is halted by a large strike.
• June 14-24: Sailors mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin.
August 1905
• Moscow holds the first Conference of the Peasants union; Nizhnii holds the First Congress of the Muslim Union, one of many groups pushing for regional - often national - autonomy (semi-independence/self-rule from the Tsar)
• August 6: Tsar issues a first-attempt manifesto on the creation of a state Duma (a parliament); this plan, created by Bulygin and nicknamed the Bulygin Duma, is rejected by revolutionaries for being too weak and having a tiny electorate.
• August 23: Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese war; Russia has been beaten by an opponent they were expected to easily defeat. More embarrassment. Tsarist regime internationally humiliated.
September 1905
• September 23: Printers strike in Moscow, the start of Russia's first General Strike.
October 1905
• October 1905 - July 1906: The Peasant Union of the Volokolamsk District creates the independent Markovo Republic; it survives, 80 miles from Moscow, until the government crushes it in July 1906. Demonstrates Tsar finding it difficult to keep a Russia unified under his control.
• October 6: Rail workers join the strike.
• October 9: As telegraph workers join the strike, Witte (Tsar's Minister of Finance) warns the Tsar that to save Russia he must make great reforms or impose a dictatorship.
• October 12: Strike action has developed into a General Strike.
• October 13: A council is formed to represent striking workers: the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies; it functions as an alternative government. The Mensheviks dominate it as the Bolsheviks boycott and similar soviets are soon created in other cities.
• October 17: Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a liberal scheme proposed by Witte. It grants civil liberties, the need for Duma consent before passing laws and a widening of the Duma electorate to include all Russians; mass celebrations follow; political parties form and rebels return, but acceptance of the Manifesto pushes the liberals and socialists apart. The St. Petersburg soviet prints its first issue of the newsheet Izvestia; left and right groups clash in streetfights.
• October: Lvov joins the Constitutional Democrat (Kadet) party, which includes the more radical Zemstov men, nobles and scholars; conservative liberals form the Octobrist Party. These are the people who have led the revolution so far.
• October 18: N. E. Bauman, a Bolshevik activist, is killed during a streetfight triggering a street war between the Tsar supporting right and the revolutionary left.
• October 19: The Council of Ministers is created, a government cabinet under Witte; leading Kadets are offered posts, but refuse.
• October 20: Bauman's funeral is the focus of major demonstrations and violence.
• October 21: The General Strike is ended by the St. Petersburg Soviet.
• October 26-27: The Kronstadt mutiny (Russian naval base near St Petersburg)
• October 30-31: The Vladivostok Mutiny (Russian naval base on the Pacific coast)
November 1905
• November 6-12: The Peasants Union holds a conference in Moscow, demanding a constituent assembly, land redistribution and political union between peasants and urban workers.
• November 8: The Union of Russian People is created by Dubrovin. This early fascist group aims to fight against the left and is funded by government officials.
• November 14: The Moscow branch of the Peasants Union is arrested by the government.
• November 16: Telephone/graph workers strike.
• November 24: Tsar introduces 'Provisional Rules', which at once abolish some aspects of censorship, but introduce harsher penalties for those praising 'criminal acts'.
• November 26: Head of the St. Petersburg Soviet, Khrustalev-Nosar, arrested.
• November 27: The St. Petersburg Soviet appeals to the armed forces and elects a triumvirate to replace Nosar; it includes Trotsky.
December 1905
• December 3: The St. Petersburg Soviet is arrested en masse after Socialist Democrats (SD) hand out weapons.
• December 10-15: The Moscow Uprising, where rebels and militias try to take the city through armed struggle; it fails. No other major rebellions take place, but the Tsar and the right react: the police regime returns and the army sweeps across Russia crushing dissent.
• December 11: Russia's urban population and workers are enfranchised by electoral changes.
• December: Nicholas II and his son given honorary membership of the Union of the Russian People; they accept.